Warm olive oil in a large Dutch oven over medium-high heat. Add ground beef and season with salt and pepper. Cook until nicely browned, about 8 minutes.
Reduce heat to medium, add onions and garlic. Sauté until onions turn translucent, about 4-5 minutes.
Add cabbage and carrots to the pot. Cook for 3-4 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Pour in beef stock, tomato sauce, and Worcestershire sauce. Add rice, bay leaves, brown sugar, paprika, and thyme.
Bring mixture to a gentle boil, then reduce heat. Simmer covered for 25-30 minutes, or until rice is tender and cabbage is soft.
Remove bay leaves. Stir in fresh parsley.
Taste and adjust seasonings as needed.
Let rest 5-10 minutes before serving. Top with garnishes if desired.