Preheat oven to 400°F. Place oven rack in middle position.
Remove leaves from cauliflower and trim stem flat so it sits steadily. Don't cut into florets.
In a bowl, combine softened butter, garlic, salt, paprika, and peppers until well mixed.
Place cauliflower in a cast-iron skillet or oven-safe baking dish.
Using your hands, thoroughly coat entire cauliflower with butter mixture, getting into all crevices.
Cover loosely with foil and roast for 40-45 minutes.
Remove foil and baste with pan drippings. Reduce temperature to 375°F.
Continue roasting uncovered for 20-25 minutes, basting every 8-10 minutes.
Sprinkle with Parmesan and return to oven for 5-10 minutes until golden brown.
Let rest 5-10 minutes before serving. Garnish with fresh herbs, flaky salt, and a drizzle of olive oil.